Honestbaby Delivers Parenting News To Self-Proclaimed Imperfect Parents
After being bombarded with tips and advice, and admitting it was okay to not be a perfect parent, honestbaby founder Jill Besnoy created honestbaby.com. She provides parenting news to likeminded parents, who want to discuss the joys, and trials of parenthood, without the illusion of raising their kids free from trial and error.
Featured on Fox News, in Time Magazine, and Advertising Age, honestbaby is a parent’s, or rather imperfect parent’s, source for parenting news. This quirky, offbeat, community offers a variety of articles and discussions on common and not so common topics in parenting news. With features, a topic index, and daily parenting news, it is a place for parents to ask questions without borders. The sites unique stories from bloggers and the honestbaby community are honest, as well as hilarious. It delivers its parenting news with a refreshing, and down to earth quality that is rare in the mainstream media. The questions asked on this parenting news site are sometimes shockingly uninhibited, but perfectly valid. The usually serious topic of raising children is lightened up considerably on honestbaby, and it could very well be the parenting news resource of the future.
This parenting news site has fun extras that will keep you entertained on the site after your pressing questions have been addressed. Parents are encouraged to submit pictures of their “honest babies” on I Spy. Parents share hilarious “kids say the darndest things” types of stories in Storytime, and even vent about the unsolicited advice, and expectations of perfect motherhood, in the Mommy Police section.
With an extensive index of topics, honestbaby is a valuable parenting news source for parents who are tired of pretending that parenting is always a walk in park. Let’s face it; any parent would benefit from parenting news that doesn’t claim parenting is a simple matter.
Honestbaby contains parenting news on an extensive variety of parenting news topics, on common matters such as: childbirth, teething and breastfeeding. Then there are the not so common discussions on plastic surgery, divorce, and celebrity parenting. With outbound links to parenting news blogs, a wide variety of writers, and reader submitted content, honestbaby is the place to be, for modern parenting news.
The site also offers honestbaby merchandise to show support for this growing library and resource of useful and unique parenting news articles. Their fun T-shirts that poke fun at parenting and non-toxic toys will help you to spread the message that parenting is changing. Every mother and father share different experiences raising their children, and they need a parenting news source that will address the differing circumstances that create such varying experiences in parenthood.
Honestbaby is not just about babies. Aside from body image and other parent focused articles, parenting news on this website extends to even the teenage years. This creates the possibility of raising your children, while being in tune with the parenting news on honestbaby.
If you are tired of receiving parenting advice from everybody, right up to the taxi driver who drove you home for five minutes from the grocery store, then honestbaby may indeed be the parenting news website to visit.
About the Author
honestbaby was founded by a mom frustrated with the myth of perfect parenting. Honestbaby is your number one resource for parenting news, tips, advice, stories etc. For more information visit www.honestbaby.com.
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Today, me and my older sister were taLking about men’s bodies. She’s 6 years older than me so i figured she would have the answer to my question . we’re both teenagers but she is really smart about these things. I said girls/women have nipples to breast feed their children, right? She says you’re kidding right? i Laughed and said no seriousLy , she goes duh. I’m like okay , so if we have nipples for breastfeeding , then why do men have nipples? They obviously can’t breast feed?? She starts to say a few words, shakes her head and says i dunno ! Now i seek an answer because i’m pretty curious, why do guys have nipples??!
wow this is very interesting . thnkyouu forr yourr answerss =] points deserved, and lols @ tht somethinq to play w. comment ! rotfl
wow this is very interesting . thnkyouu forr yourr answerss =] points deserved, and lols @ tht somethinq to play w. comment ! rotfl
The answer is more complex than this but……
Men and women start out as sort of unisex during early development. The fetus starts to develop as a women before the sex is actually decided. Men have nipples because we started to develop female characteristics. Nipples are there for breast feeding. In normal cases men don’t lactate, although there have been freak incidences. Also, it would just be weird looking if men didn’t have them!
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While countless breastfeeding guides crowd bookshelves, not one of them speaks to women with anything approaching bestselling author Fiona Giles’s level of intimacy and vitality. In Fresh Milk, through a provocative collection of stories, memories, and personal accounts, Giles uncovers the myths and truths of the lactating breast. From the young mother grappling with the bewildering trappings of …
Typically the infant is found dead after having been put to bed, and exhibits no signs of having suffered.
SIDS is a diagnosis of exclusion. It should only be applied to an infant whose death is sudden and unexpected and remains unexplained after the performance of an adequate postmortem investigation including
an autopsy;
investigation of the scene and circumstances of the death;
exploration of the medical history of the infant and family.
SIDS was responsible for 0.543 deaths per 1,000 live births in the U.S. in 2005. It is responsible for far fewer deaths than congenital disorders and disorders related to short gestation, though it is the leading cause of death in healthy infants after one month of age.
SIDS deaths in the U.S. decreased from 4,895 in 1992 to 2,247 in 2004. But, during a similar time period, 1989 to 2004, SIDS being listed as the cause of death for sudden infant death (SID) decreased from 80% to 55%. According to Dr. John Kattwinkel, chairman of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Special Task Force on SIDS “A lot of us are concerned that the rate (of SIDS) isn’t decreasing significantly, but that a lot of it is just code shifting.
Nomenclature
Australia and New Zealand are shifting to the term Sudden Unexplained Death in Infancy (SUDI) for professional, scientific and coronial clarity.
The term SUDI is now often used instead of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) because some coroners prefer to use the term ndetermined for a death previously considered to be SIDS. This change is causing diagnostic shift in the mortality data.
SIDS Back To Sleep campaign: history and theory
In 1985 Davies reported that in Hong Kong, where Chinese custom called for supine infant sleep position (face up), SIDS was a rare problem. In 1987 the Netherlands started a campaign advising parents to place their newborn infants to sleep on their backs (supine position) instead of their stomachs (prone position). This was followed by infant supine sleep position campaigns in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia in 1991, the U.S. and Sweden in 1992, and Canada in 1993.
This advice was based on the epidemiology of SIDS and physiological evidence which shows that infants who sleep on their back have lower arousal thresholds and less slow-wave sleep (SWS) compared to infants who sleep on their stomachs. In human infants sleep develops rapidly during early development. This development includes an increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep) which is also called quiet sleep (QS) during the first 12 months of life in association with a decrease in rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) which is also known as active sleep (AS). In addition, slow wave sleep (SWS) which consists of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep appears at 2 months of age and it is theorized that some infants have a brain-stem defect which increases their risk of being unable to arouse from SWS (also called deep sleep) and therefore have an increased risk of SIDS due to their decreased ability to arouse from SWS.
Studies have shown that preterm infants, full-term infants, and older infants have greater time periods of quiet sleep and also decreased time awake when they are positioned to sleep on their stomachs. In both human infants and rats, arousal thresholds have been shown to be at higher levels in the electroencephalography (EEG) during slow-wave sleep.
In 1992, a SIDS risk reduction strategy based upon lowering arousal thresholds during SWS was implemented by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) which began recommending that healthy infants be positioned to sleep on their back (supine position) or side (lateral position), instead of their stomach (prone position), when being placed down for sleep. In 1994, a number of organizations in the United States combined to further communicate these non-prone sleep position recommendations and this became formally known as the ack To Sleep campaign. In 1996, the AAP further refined its sleep position recommendation by stating that infants should only be placed to sleep in the supine position and not in the prone or lateral positions.
In 1992, the first National Infant Sleep Position (NISP) Household Survey was conducted to determine the usual position in which U.S. mothers placed their babies to sleep: lateral (side), prone (stomach), supine (back), other, or no usual position. According to the 1992 NISP survey, 13.0% of U.S. infants were positioned in the supine position for sleep. According to the 2006 NISP survey 75.7% of infants were positioned in the supine position to sleep.
Since 1998 there have been several studies published which report that infants placed to sleep in the supine position lag in motor skills, social skills, and cognitive ability development when compared to infants who sleep in the prone position. In a 1998 article entitled ffects of Sleep Position on Infant Motor Development. by Davis, Moon, Sachs, and Ottolini, the authors state e found that sleep position significantly impacts early motor development. The prone (stomach) sleeping infants in this study slept an average of 225.2 hours (8.3%) more in their first 6 months of life than the supine (back) sleeping infants.
In the 1998 article entitled oes the Supine Sleeping Position Have Any Adverse Effects on the Child? II. Development in the First 18 Months31] by Dewey, Fleming, Golding, and the ALSPAC Study Team the objective of the study was o assess whether the recommendations that infants sleep supine could have adverse consequences on their motor and mental development. They used the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) and studied infants at 6 and 18 months. According to the study, at 6 months of age, the infants who were placed to sleep in the prone position had statistically significant higher social skills scores, gross motor scores, and total development scores than those infants who were put to sleep in the supine position. In the 2005 article entitled nfluence of supine sleep positioning on early motor milestone acquisition29] by Majnemer and Barr they used the Alberta Infant Motor Scale Scores (AIMS Scores) to analyze the impact of infant sleep position. They reported that ypically developing infants who were sleep-positioned in supine had delayed motor development by age 6 months, and this was significantly associated with limited exposure to awake prone positioning. But, the authors also note that awake prone (stomach) positioning is associated with prone (stomach) sleeping. No studies have been conducted which compare supine sleeping infants who have regular awake prone positioning (tummy time) to prone sleeping infants who have regular awake prone positioning (tummy time).
Placing infants on their stomachs while they are awake (tummy time) has been recommended to offset the motor skills delays associated with the back sleep position but positioning the infant on their stomach while awake will not impact the amount of slow wave sleep since tummy time only occurs when an infant is awake.
Undiagnosed conditions
Some conditions that may be undiagnosed and thus could be alternative diagnoses to SIDS include:
medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency), ;
infant botulism;
long QT syndrome (accounting for less than 2% of cases);
infections with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori;
shaken baby syndrome and other forms of child abuse.
For example an infant with MCAD deficiency could have died by ‘classical SIDS’ if found swaddled and prone with head covered in an overheated room where parents were smoking. Genes of susceptibility to MCAD and Long QT syndrome do not protect an infant from dying of classical SIDS. Therefore presence of a susceptibility gene, such as for MCAD, means the infant may have died either from SIDS or from MCAD deficiency. It is impossible for the pathologist to distinguish between them.
Risk factors
Very little is certain about the possible causes of SIDS, and there is no proven method for prevention. Although studies have identified risk factors for SIDS, such as putting infants to bed on their stomachs, there has been little understanding of the syndrome’s biological cause or causes. The frequency of SIDS appears to be a strong function of the infant’s sex, age and ethnicity, and the education and socio-economic-status of the infant’s parents.
According to a study published in October 2007 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, babies who die of SIDS have abnormalities in the brain stem (the medulla oblongata), which helps control functions like breathing, blood pressure and arousal, and abnormalities in serotonin signaling. According to the National Institutes of Health, which funded the study, this finding is the strongest evidence to date that structural differences in a specific part of the brain may contribute to the risk of SIDS.
In a British study released May 29, 2008 researchers discovered that the common bacterial infections Staphylococcus aureus (staph) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) appear to be the cause of some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Both bacteria were present at greater than usual concentrations in infants who died from SIDS. SIDS cases peak between eight and ten weeks after birth, which is also the time frame in which the antibodies that were passed along from mother to child are starting to disappear and babies have not yet made their own antibodies.
Listed below are several factors associated with increased probability of the syndrome based on information available prior to this recent study.
Prenatal risks
maternal nicotine use (tobacco or nicotine patch)
inadequate prenatal care
inadequate prenatal nutrition
use of heroin, cocaine and other drugs
subsequent births less than one year apart
alcohol use
infant being overweight
mother being overweight
Teen pregnancy (if the baby has a teen mother, it has a greater risk)
infant’s sex (60% of SIDS cases occur in males)
Post-natal risks
mold (can cause bleeding lungs plus a variety of other uncommon conditions leading to a misdiagnoses and death). It is often misdiagnosed as a virus, flu, and/or asthma-like conditions.
low birth weight (in the U.S. from 1995-1998 the rate for 1000-1499 g was 2.89/1000 and for 3500-3999 g it was 0.51/1000)
exposure to tobacco smoke
prone sleep position (lying on the stomach, see sleep positioning below)
not breastfeeding
elevated or reduced room temperature
excess bedding, clothing, soft sleep surface and stuffed animals
Co-sleeping with parents or other siblings increases the risk for accidental smothering
infant’s age (incidence rises from zero at birth, is highest from two to four months, and declines towards zero at one year)
premature birth (increases risk of SIDS death by about 4 times. In 1995-1998 the U.S.SIDS rate for 3739 weeks of gestation was 0.73/1000; The SIDS rate for 2831 weeks of gestation was 2.39/1000)
anemia
Risk reduction for SIDS
Though SIDS cannot be prevented, parents of infants are encouraged to take several precautions in order to reduce the likelihood of SIDS.
Environment
Sleep positioning
Sleeping on the back has been recommended by (among others) the American Academy of Pediatrics (starting in 1992) to avoid SIDS, with the catchphrases “Back To Bed” and “Back to Sleep.” The incidence of SIDS has fallen sharply in a number of countries in which the back to bed recommendation has been widely adopted, such as the US and New Zealand. However, the absolute incidence of SIDS prior to the Back to Sleep Campaign was already dropping in the US, from 1.511 per 1000 in 1979 to 1.301 per 1000 in 1991.
Among the theories supporting the Back to Sleep recommendation is the idea that small infants with little or no control of their heads may, while face down, inhale their exhaled breath (high in carbon dioxide) or smother themselves on their beddinghe brain-stem anomaly research (above) suggests that babies with that particular genetic makeup do not react “normally” by moving away from the pooled CO2, and thus smother. Another theory[citation needed] is that babies sleep more soundly when placed on their stomachs, and are unable to rouse themselves when they have an incidence of sleep apnea, which is thought to be common in infants.
Arguments against infant back-sleeping include concerns that an infant could choke on fluids it brings up. Hospital neonatal-intensive-care-unit (NICU) staff commonly place preterm newborns on their stomach, although they advise parents to place their infants on their backs after going home from the hospital.
Other concerns raised about the Back to Sleep Campaign have included the possible increased risk of positional facial and head deformities (see positional plagiocephaly), possible interference with development of good sleep habits (which in turn may have other bad effects), and possible interference with motor skills development (as infants delay attempts to lift their heads, crawl, etc.).
Breastfeeding
A 2003 study published in Pediatrics, which investigated racial disparities in infant mortality in Chicago, found that previously or currently breastfeeding infants in the study had 1/5 the rate of SIDS compared with non-breastfed infants, but that “it became nonsignificant in the multivariate model that included the other environmental factors”. These results are consistent with most published reports and suggest that other factors associated with breastfeeding, rather than breastfeeding itself, are protective.” However, a more recent study shows that breast feeding reduces the risk of SIDS by approximately 50% at all infant ages.
Co-sleeping
In nearly all incidences, the higher the rate of co-sleeping, the lower the rate of SIDS and vice versa. http://thebabybond.com/Cosleeping&SIDSFactSheet.html The data has suggested that almost all SIDS deaths in adult beds would be occurring when other prevention methods, such as placing infants on their backs, are not used. Co-sleeping studied in the West has been present mostly in poorer families where other risk factors are present. While co-sleeping in other cultures such as in China is more prevalent and is done in combination with practices such as sleeping children on their back, correlating with a significantly lower rate of SIDS than the West.Further studies have suggested that factors associated with safe co-sleeping such as enhanced infant arousals are responsible for a positive contribution to SIDS prevention.
A 2005 policy statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics on sleep environment and the risk of SIDS deemed co-sleeping and bed sharing unsafe. One article reports that co-sleeping infants have a greater risk of airway covering than when the same infant sleeps alone in a cot.
Secondhand smoke reduction
According to the U.S. Surgeon General Report, secondhand smoke is connected to SIDS. Infants who die from SIDS tend to have higher concentrations of nicotine and cotinine (a biological marker for secondhand smoke exposure) in their lungs than those who die from other causes. Infants exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are also at a greater risk of SIDS. Parents who smoke can significantly reduce their children’s risk of SIDS by either quitting or smoking only outside and leaving their house completely smoke-free.
The maternal pregnancy smoking rate decreased by 38% between 1990 and 2002.
Sleeping area
Bedding
Product safety experts advise against using pillows, sleep positioners, bumper pads, stuffed animals, or fluffy bedding in the crib and recommend instead dressing the child warmly and keeping the crib “naked.”
Blankets should not be placed over an infant’s head. It has been recommended that infants should be covered only up to their chest with their arms exposed. This reduces the chance of the infant shifting the blanket over his or her head.[citation needed]
Sleep sacks
In colder environments where bedding is required to maintain a baby’s body temperature, the use of a “baby sleep bag” or “sleep sack” is becoming more popular. This is a soft bag with holes for the baby’s arms and head. A zipper allows the bag to be closed around the baby. A study published in the European Journal of Pediatrics in August 1998 has shown the protective effects of a sleep sack as reducing the incidence of turning from back to front during sleep, reinforcing putting a baby to sleep on its back for placement into the sleep sack and preventing bedding from coming up over the face which leads to increased temperature and carbon dioxide rebreathing. They conclude in their study “The use of a sleeping-sack should be particularly promoted for infants with a low birth weight.” The American Academy of Pediatrics also recommends them as a type of bedding that warms the baby without covering its head.The use of swaddling clothes, a traditional form of infant restraint which leaves only the head uncovered, is controversial.
Pacifiers
According to a 2005 meta-analysis, most studies favor pacifier use. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, pacifier use seems to reduce the risk of SIDS, although the mechanism by which this happens is unclear. SIDS experts and policy makers haven’t recommended the use of pacifiers to reduce the risk of SIDS because of several problems associated with pacifier use, like increased risk of otitis, gastrointestinal infections and oral colonization with Candida species. A 2005 study indicated that use of a pacifier is associated with up to a 90% reduction in the risk of SIDS depending on the ambient factors, and it reduced the effect of other risk factors. It has been speculated that the raised surface of the pacifier holds the infant’s face away from the mattress, reducing the risk of suffocation. If a postmortem investigation does not occur or is insufficient, a suffocated baby may be misdiagnosed with SIDS.
Air circulation with fan use
According to a study of nearly 500 babies published the October 2008 Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, using a fan to circulate air correlates with a lower risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Researchers took into account other risk factors and found that fan use was associated with a 72% lower risk of SIDS. Only 3% of the babies who died had a fan on in the room during their last sleep, the mothers reported. That compared to 12% of the babies who lived. Using a fan reduced risk most for babies in poor sleeping environments. Author De-Kun li said that “the baby’s sleeping environment really matters” and that “this seems to suggest that by improving room ventilation we can further reduce risk.”
New link. A special, small fan for gentle, direct ventilation of the infants sleeping area, crib or bassinet.
Bumper pads
Bumper pads may be a contributing factor in SIDS deaths and should be removed. Health Canada, the Canadian government’s health department, issued an advisory recommending against the use of bumper pads, stating:
The presence of bumper pads in a crib may also be a contributing factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). These products may reduce the flow of oxygen rich air to the infant in the crib. Furthermore, proposed theories indicate that the rebreathing of carbon dioxide plays a role in the occurrence of SIDS.
Speculated associations
A number of theoretical causes have been proposed as a trigger for SIDS, but many of them are unproven or have not been thoroughly studied and peer-reviewed. As of June 2009 there were 113 such articles found in Medical Hypotheses as cited in PubMed.
Anemia
Anemia is not a documented SIDS risk factor per se because at the moment of death the blood hemoglobin begins to degrade. This degradation can be slow or rapid and it shows up as livor mortis, the mottled and reddened coloring that can develop within 30 minutes of death. Because SIDS usually occurs during sleep and is unnoticed, the time interval between moment of death and autopsy is unknown so no correction can be made to the hemoglobin value measured postmortem to estimate the antemortem value immediately before death. However anemia is a risk factor for apparent-life-threatening-events (ALTE) as described by Poets et al. (1992) referred to above where anemia is listed as a postnatal risk factor.
Oxygen Deprivation
A 2003 Study showed that a common cause of death of infants is because parents/caretakers leave the child “face-down” on the bed. Making it so the child cannot breathe. A child at the age of 1 month to 6 months…does not have the muscle development to move their head…therefore it is benefical if they lay the child head up. In addition, an autopsy would not show necrotic tissue in any part of the body, due to oxygen deprivation. Due to the fact that the infant typically has more hemoglobin then the standard adult. Making their blood capable of “holding on” to more oxygen.
Mattress bugs
A 2004 study hypothesized that bugs feeding on baby vomit and dust could be fatal for small children, creating ‘supertoxins’ which spur the baby’s body into overreacting, leading to anaphylactic shock.
Brain disorder
A recently published research article showed evidence that cells in the brainstem fail to develop receptors for serotonin in the womb. This abnormality can continue postpartum until the end of the first year. This would account for there being few to no SIDS deaths after the first year of infancy and the reason the risk is more for premature infants. Males have fewer serotonin receptors than females, perhaps contributing to the increased incidence of SIDS in the demographic.
In addition, a study was done in 2006. Showed that a possible cause of SIDS is because parents leave there infants in a position known as “Trendelenburg position.” This position can cause the brain stem to fall…and in a result, the brain becomes “crushed.” The proper poistion for an infant is either High Fowlers or Sims.
Vitamin C
In the 1970s, high doses of vitamin C were touted as a preventive measure for SIDS, although the claim was controversial even then. Subsequent study failed to support a preventive role for vitamin C in SIDS. To the contrary, a 2009 study found that high levels of vitamin C were strongly associated with SIDS, possibly through a pro-oxidant interaction with iron.
Toxic gases
In 1989, a controversial piece of research by UK Scientist Barry Richardson claimed that all cot deaths were the result of toxic nerve gases being produced through the action of fungus in mattresses on compounds of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. These chemicals are frequently used to make mattresses fire-retardant.
A major plank in this explanation is the widely-observed phenomenon that the risk of cot death rises from one sibling to the next. Richardson claims that the cause is that parents are more likely to buy new bedding for their first child, and to re-use that bedding for later children. The more frequently used the bedding is, the more chance there will be that fungus has become resident in the material; thus, a higher chance of cot death. A paper by Peter Fleming and Peter Blair references evidence from other studies that both supports and refutes the increasing occurrence of SIDS with mattress sharing and suggests that this is still inconclusive.
Dr. Jim Sprott recommends new parents either buy bedding free of the toxic compounds or to wrap the mattresses in a barrier film to prevent the escape of the gases. Sprott claims that no case of cot death has ever been traced back to a properly manufactured or wrapped mattress.
However, a final report of The Expert Group to Investigate Cot Death Theories: Toxic Gas Hypothesis, published in May 1998, concluded that “there was no evidence to substantiate the toxic gas hypothesis that antimony- and phosphorus-containing compounds used as fire retardants in PVC and other cot mattress materials are a cause of SIDS. Neither was there any evidence to believe that these chemicals could pose any other health risk to infants.” The report also states that “in normal cot-like conditions it is not possible to generate toxic gas from antimony in mattresses” and “babies have also been found to die on wrapped mattresses.”
Contrary to media publicity, the 1998 UK Limerick Report did not disprove the toxic gas theorys a highly qualified environmental scientist has stated in the New Zealand Medical Journal. In fact, the Limerick Committee’s experiments proved the fungal generation of toxic gases (forms of stibine and arsine) from cot mattress materials.
According to Dr. Sprott, as of 2006, the New Zealand government has not reported any SIDS deaths when babies have slept on mattresses wrapped according to his method. While the Limerick report claims that babies have been found to die on wrapped mattresses, Dr. Sprott argues that a chemical analysis of the bedding should be performed. He additionally claims that this part of the report was flawed:
In February 2000 Dr Peter Fleming (a co-author of the Limerick Report and principal author of the UK CESDI Report) conceded that the claim that three babies in the United Kingdom had died of cot death on polythene-covered mattresses could not be substantiated.
Central Respiratory Pattern Deficiency
There is ongoing research in the pediatric/neonatal community that has begun to associate apnea-like breathing cessations in animal models with unusual neural architecture or signal transduction in central pattern generator circuits including the pre-Btzinger complex. It is possible that irregularities in neurotransmitter release (such as GABA, adenosine, and NMDA) or deficiencies in their associated receptors (including both GABAA, GABAB subtypes and NMDA-glutamate receptors) are linked to incomplete prenatal development as is evident in pre-term infants.[citation needed]
Cervical spinal injury from birth trauma
During birth, if the infant’s head is traumatically turned side to side, upper cervical spinal injury can result. Difficulty breathing is a classic sign of upper spinal cord and brain-stem injury. When infants with undiagnosed upper cervical spinal cord injury are continually placed on their stomach for sleep, they are forced to turn their head to the side to breathe. This is hypothesised to aggravate and prolong the spinal cord injury sustained during birth, preventing proper healing and ultimately leading to fatal breathing difficulty.[citation needed]
Sex
There is a consistent 50% male excess in SIDS per 1000 live births of each sex. Given a 5% male excess birth rate (105 male to 100 female live births) there appear to be 3.15 male SIDS per 2 female SIDS for a male fraction of 0.61. This value of 61% in the U.S. is an average of 57% black male SIDS, 62.2% white male SIDS and 59.4% for all other races combined. Note that when multiracial parentage is involved, infant “race” is arbitrarily assigned to one category or the other; most often it is chosen by the mother. The X-linkage hypothesis for SIDS and the male excess in infant mortality have shown that the 50% male excess could be related to a dominant X-linked allele that occurs with a frequency of that is protective of transient cerebral anoxia. An unprotected XY male would occur with a frequency of and an unprotected XX female would occur with a frequency of 49. The ratio of to 49 is 1.5 to 1 which matches the observed male 50% excess rate of SIDS.
Although many authors have found autosomal and mitochondrial genetic risk factors for SIDS they cannot explain the male excess because such gene loci have the same frequencies for males and females. Supporting evidence for an X-linkage is found by examination of other causes of infant respiratory death, such as suffocation by inhalation of food and other foreign objects. Although food is prepared identically for male and female infants, there is a similar 50% male excess of death from such causes indicating that males are more susceptible to the cerebral anoxia created by such incidents in exactly the same proportion as found in SIDS.
The study which indicated that there was a relationship between fewer serotonin binding sites and SIDS noted that the boys “had significantly fewer serotonin binding sites than girls.” However, such neurological prematurity decreases with age, but the male fraction of approximately 0.61 persists each month throughout the first year of life. Furthermore, this cannot explain the identical male fraction of 0.61 in other respiratory mortality causes such as respiratory distress syndrome or suffocation from inhalation of food or foreign objects cited above, that also exists for all ages 1 to 14 years in the U.S. from 1979 to 2005.
Child abuse
Several instances of infanticide have been uncovered where the diagnosis was originally SIDS. This has led some researchers to estimate that 5% to 20% of SIDS deaths are infanticides. In 1997 The New York Times, covering a book called The Death of Innocents: A True Story of Murder, Medicine and High-Stakes Science, wrote:
The misdiagnosis of infanticide as SIDS “happens all over,” Ms. Talan, a medical reporter at Newsday, said. “A lot of doctors and police don’t know how to handle it. They don’t take it as seriously as they should.” As a result of the book’s revelations, people are starting to scrutinize possible cases of this “perfect crime,” which involves no physical evidence and no witnesses.
A former pediatrician Roy Meadow from United Kingdom believes that many cases diagnosed as SIDS are really the result of child abuse on the part of a parent displaying Munchausen syndrome by proxy (a condition which he was first to describe, in 1977). During the 1990s and early 2000s, a number of mothers of multiple apparent SIDS victims were convicted of murder, to varying degrees on the basis of Meadow’s opinion. In 2003 a number of high-profile acquittals brought Meadow’s theories into disrepute. Several hundred murder convictions were reviewed, leading to several high-profile cases being re-opened and convictions overturned.
The Royal Statistical Society issued a media release refuting the expert testimony in one UK case in which the conviction was subsequently overturned.
Nitrogen dioxide
A 2005 study by researchers at the University of California, San Diego found that “SIDS may be related to high levels of acute outdoor NO2 exposure during the last day of life.” While nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure may be one of many possible risk factors, it is not considered causal, and the report cautioned that further studies were needed to replicate the result.
Vaccination
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, several studies have failed to provide sufficient evidence of a causal link between vaccinations and SIDS. They state:
From 2 to 4 months old, babies begin their primary course of vaccinations. This is also the peak age for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The timing of these two events has led some people to believe they might be related. However, studies have concluded that vaccines are not a risk factor for SIDS.
Inner ear damage
Records of hearing tests (oto-acoustic emissions, OAEs) administered to certain infants show that those who later died of SIDS had differences in the pattern of these tests compared with normal babies. To be specific the OAE signal to noise ratio was reduced in the right ear in the SIDS babies. (Rubens DD et al Early Human Development 84, 225-9 (2008)) . It should be noted this was a small study (n=31 cases and 31 controls), had serious limitations (several significant factors were not controlled), and has been criticised from various perspectives. The authors’ suggestion for the cause of SIDS is that the deaths are caused by disturbances in respiratory control (from other than suffocation). The vestibular apparatus of the inner ear has been shown to play an important role in respiratory control during sleep. It is speculated that this inner ear damage could be linked to SIDS. It is speculated that the damage occurs during delivery, particularly when prolonged contractions create greater blood pressure in the placenta. The right ear is directly in the “line of fire” for blood entering the fetus from the placenta, and thus could be most susceptible to damage. If the findings are relevant, it may be possible to take corrective measures. Researchers are beginning animal studies to explore the connection.
Side effects of SIDS risk reduction recommendations
Dr. Rafael Pelayo from Stanford University and a number of other pediatric sleep researchers in the U.S. have stated that they believe that the American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommendations regarding cosleeping and pacifier use may have unintended consequences. They have stated that the SIDS prevention strategy of the American Academy of Pediatrics which keeps infants at a low arousal threshold and reduces the time in quiet sleep may be unhealthy for children. They state that slow wave sleep is the most restorative form of sleep and limiting this sleep in the first 12 months of life may have unintended consequences to both the sleep and the infant.
According to a 1998 study by British researchers that compared back sleeping infants to stomach sleeping infants there were developmental differences at 6 months of age between the two groups. At 6 months of age the stomach sleeping infants had higher gross motor scores, social skills scores, and total development skills scores than the back sleeping infants. The differences were apparent at the 5% statistical significant level. But, at 18 months the differences were no longer apparent. The researchers deemed the lower development scores of back sleeping infants at 6 months of age to be transient and stated that they do not believe the back sleeping recommendations should be changed. Other scientists have stated that the conclusion that the negative effects of back sleep at 18 months of age is transient is based upon very little evidence and that no long-term randomized trials have been completed.
Other side effects of the back sleeping position include increased rates of shoulder retraction, positional plagiocephaly, and positional torticollis. Some scientists dispute that plagiocephaly is a negative side effect. Dr. Peter Fleming, who is co-author of the study that deemed delays at 6 months of age to be transient, has stated that he does not think plagiocephaly is a negative side effect of back sleep. In an interview with the Guardian Dr. Fleming stated “I do not think it is a medical problemt is more of a cosmetic one. Mothers may feel it is a syndrome and a problem when it really is nonsense.” A research study on children with plagiocephaly found that 26% had mild to severe psychomotor delay. This study also showed that 10% of infants with plagiocephaly had mild to severe mental development delay.
Because of the delays caused by back sleep some medical professionals have suggested that the “normal” ages at which children had previously attained developmental milestones should be pushed back. This would enable medical professionals to consider “normal” children who previously were considered developmentally delayed.
Additional studies have reported that the following negative conditions are associated with the back sleep position: increase in sleep apnea, decrease in sleep duration, strabismus, social skills delays, deformational plagiocephaly, and temporomandibular jaw difficulties. In addition, the following are symptoms that are associated with sleep apnea: growth abnormalities, failure to thrive syndrome in infants, neurocognitive abnormalities, daytime sleepiness, emotional problems, decrease in memory, decrease in learning, and a delay in nonverbal skills. The conditions associated with deformational plagiocephaly include visual impairments, cerebral dysfunction, delays in psychomotor development and decreases in mental functioning. The conditions associated with gross motor milestone delays include speech and language disorders. In addition, it has been hypothesized that delays in motor skills can have a negative impact on the development of social skills. In addition, other studies have reported that the prone position prevents subluxation of the hips, increases psychomotor development, prevents scoliosis, lessens the risk of gastroesophageal reflux, decreases infant screaming periods, causes less fatigue in infants, and increases the relief of infant colic. In addition, prior to the ack to Sleep campaign many babies self-treated their own torticollis by turning their heads from one side to the other while sleeping in the prone position. Supine sleeping infants cannot self-treat their own torticollis.
Further reading
Joan Hodgman; Toke Hoppenbrouwers (2004). SIDS. Calabasas, Calif: Monte Nido Press. ISBN 0-9742663-0-2.
Notes
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^ van Gestel, Josephus Petrus Johannes; Monique Pauline Loir, Maartje ten Berge, Nicolaas Johannes Georgius Jansen, and Frans Berend Pltz (6 December 2002). “Risks of Ancient Practices in Modern Times” (in English) (html). Pediatrics 110 (6): e78. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/6/e78. Retrieved 12/15/2009.
^ Gerard, Claudia M.; Kathleen A. Harris and Bradley T. Thach (6 December 2002). “Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep” (in English) (html). Pediatrics 110 (6): e70. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/6/e70. Retrieved 12/15/2009.
^ Franco, P; Scaillet S, Groswasser J, Kahn A. (December 2004). “Increased cardiac autonomic responses to auditory challenges in swaddled infants” (in English) (pdf). Sleep. http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/270811.pdf. Retrieved 12/15/2009.
^ Short MA, Brooks-Brunn JA, Reeves DS, Yeager J, Thorpe JA (June 1996). “The effects of swaddling versus standard positioning on neuromuscular development in very low birth weight infants”. Neonatal Netw 15 (4): 2531. PMID 8716525.
^ “Fig 4. Meta-analysis of studies examining the relationship of a pacifier used during the last sleep in SIDS victims versus controls”. American Academy of Pediatrics. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245/F4. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
^ a b “The Changing Concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Diagnostic Coding Shifts, Controversies Regarding the Sleeping Environment, and New Variables to Consider in Reducing Risk”. American Academy of Pediatrics. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245#SEC6. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
^ Li DK, Willinger M, Petitti DB, Odouli R, Liu L, Hoffman HJ (2006). “Use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): population based case-control study”. BMJ 332 (7532): 1822. doi:10.1136/bmj.38671.640475.55. PMID 16339767.
^ Coleman-Phox K, Odouli R, Li DK (October 2008). “Use of a fan during sleep and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162 (10): 9638. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.10.963. PMID 18838649. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/10/963.
^ Carla K. Johnson (Associated Press writer) (2008-09-08). “Fan use linked to lower risk of sudden baby death”. Toronto Star. http://www.parentcentral.ca/parent/article/513143. Retrieved 2008-11-09. , also in Live Science
^ “Policy Statement for Bumper Pads in Cribs – Consumer Product Safety”. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/legislation/pol/bumper-bordure_e.html. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
^ Gizela BA (2001). “Postmortem hemoglobin concentration changing in Sprague-Dawley white mouse” (in Indonesian). Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran 33: 20710.
^ Sherburn RE, Jenkins RO (September 2004). “Cot mattresses as reservoirs of potentially harmful bacteria and the sudden infant death syndrome”. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 42 (1): 7684. doi:10.1016/j.femsim.2004.06.011. PMID 15325400. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0928-8244&date=2004&volume=42&issue=1&spage=76.
^ Kalokerinos A, Dettman G (July 1976). “Sudden death in infancy syndrome in Western Australia”. Med. J. Aust. 2 (1): 312. PMID 979792.
^ Donovan J (September 1979). “Vitamin C and cot death: where is the evidence?”. Med. J. Aust. 2 (6): 311. PMID 522763.
^ Holborow P (April 1980). “Sudden infant death syndrome”. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33 (4): 7301. PMID 7361687. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/33/4/730. “There has been some controversy about the role of Vitamin C in cot death.”.
^ Cheraskin E (October 1995). “Vitamin C, smoking and SIDS”. J R Soc Health 115 (5): 332. PMID 7473510.
^ Dick A, Ford R (November 2009). “Cholinergic and oxidative stress mechanisms in sudden infant death syndrome”. Acta Paediatr. 98 (11): 176875. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01476.x. PMID 19706020.
^ “Cot Life 2000 aims to eliminate cot”. Cotlife2000.co.nz. http://www.cotlife2000.co.nz/. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
^ See FSID Press release.
^ cotlife2000.co.nz Errors and fallacies in the UK Limerick Report: an overview, Cot Life 2000
^ Katz DM (2005). “Regulation of respiratory neuron development by neurotrophic and transcriptional signaling mechanisms”. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology 149 (1-3): 99109. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2005.02.007. PMID 16203214.
^ ICPA – SIDS Research
^ See http://wonder.cdc.gov and http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=whosis,inds,mort&language=english for data on SIDS by gender in the U.S. and throughout the world.
^ Mage DT, Donner EM (September 2004). “The fifty percent male excess of infant respiratory mortality”. Acta Paediatr. 93 (9): 12105. doi:10.1080/08035250410031305. PMID 15384886. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0803-5253&date=2004&volume=93&issue=9&spage=1210.
^ See the data found at http://wonder.cdc.gov for 9ICD 911-912 and 10ICD W79-W80 for death rates from inhalation of food and foreign objects by sex.
^ Osmond C, Murphy M (October 1988). “Seasonality in the sudden infant death syndrome”. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2 (4): 33745. PMID 3072532.
^ Glatt, John (2000). Cradle of Death: A Shocking True Story of a Mother, Multiple Murder, and SIDS. Macmillan. ISBN 0312973020.
^ Havill, Adrian (2002). While Innocents Slept: A Story of Revenge, Murder, and SIDS. Macmillan. ISBN 0312975171,.
^ Spinelli, Margaret (2003). Infanticide: Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives on Mothers Who Kill. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 27. ISBN 1585620971,.
^ Stanton J, Simpson A (December 2001). “Murder misdiagnosed as SIDS: a perpetrator’s perspective”. Arch Dis Child. 85 (6): 4549. doi:10.1136/adc.85.6.454. PMID 11719326. PMC 1719021. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11719326.
^ Emery JL (October 1993). “Child abuse, sudden infant death syndrome, and unexpected infant death”. Am J Dis Child. 147 (10): 1097100. PMID 8213682.
^ “Investigation of SIDS”. N Engl J Med. 315 (26): 16757. December 1986. PMID 3785340.
^ Carol Strickland (1997-10-19). “Investigating a Rash of SIDS Deaths, Exposing Infanticide”. The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A06EED9163FF93AA25753C1A961958260. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
^ “About Statistics and the Law” (Website). Royal Statistical Society. (2001-10-23) Retrieved on 2007-09-22
^ Klonoff-Cohen H, Lam PK, Lewis A (July 2005). “Outdoor carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sudden infant death syndrome”. Arch Dis Child. 90 (7): 7503. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.057091. PMID 15970620.
^ Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Vaccines http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/sids_faq.html
^ Thomas H. Maugh II (2007) ([dead link] Scholar search). Hearing loss may foretell SIDS risk. http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-sids28jul28,1,2214491.story?track=rss.
^ Alastruey J, Sherwin SJ, Parker KH, Rubens DD (July 2009). “Placental transfusion insult in the predisposition for SIDS: a mathematical study”. Early Hum. Dev. 85 (7): 4559. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.04.001. PMID 19446412. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-3782(09)00060-7.
^ Pelayo R, Owens J, Mindell J, Sheldon S (March 2006). “Bed sharing with unimpaired parents is not an important risk for sudden infant death syndrome: to the editor”. Pediatrics 117 (3): 9934; author reply 9946. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2748. PMID 16510694. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/117/3/993.pdf.
^ Pelligra R, Doman G, Leisman G (July 2005). “A reassessment of the SIDS Back to Sleep Campaign”. Scientific World Journal 5: 5507. doi:10.1100/tsw.2005.71. PMID 16075152. http://cgi.thescientificworld.co.uk/cgi-bin/processHtml.pl?Id=2005.03.71.html&format=Dreamweaver.
^ a b Jones MW (2004). “Supine and Prone Infant Positioning: A Winning Combination”. J Perinat Educ 13 (1): 1020. doi:10.1624/105812404X109357. PMID 17273371.
^ Carter H, “Flat Out” – The Guardian: Tuesday July 8, 2003.
^ Kordestani RK, Patel S, Bard DE, Gurwitch R, Panchal J (January 2006). “Neurodevelopmental delays in children with deformational plagiocephaly”. Plast Reconstr Surg. 117 (1): 20718; discussion 21920. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000185604.15606.e5. PMID 16404269. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00006534-200601000-00032.
^ Stevens P, “The Flip Side of Back to Sleep”, The O&P Edge.
^ von Hofsten C (June 2004). “An action perspective on motor development”. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 8 (6): 26672. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.04.002. PMID 15165552. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364661304001019.
^ Sigmundsson H, Haga M (October 2000). “[Children and motor competence]” (in Norwegian). Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 120 (25): 304850. PMID 11109395.
^ Graham JM, Gomez M, Halberg A, et al. (February 2005). “Management of deformational plagiocephaly: repositioning versus orthotic therapy”. J. Pediatr. 146 (2): 25862. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.10.016. PMID 15689920.
^ Lewak N. “Book Review: SIDS”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158 (4): 405. http://archpedi.highwire.org/cgi/content/full/158/4/405.
1989 “Sleep and Arousal Synchrony of Co-Sleeping Human Mother-Infant Pairs: Implications for the Study of SIDS.” Fourth World Congress of Infant Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (poster session). Lugano, Switzerland. Presented also at 58th Annual Meeting, American Association of P… About the Author
If You’re Out And Your Baby Needs To Breastfeed, Where’s The Best Place To Go To Do It?
Once you’ve decided you are going to do what is best for your baby, no matter what, you might want to start thinking about a little “game plan” for when your baby wants to nurse in public. That way, there’s no need to panic when baby is hungry.
Think about where you are going. Or, take a quick look around once you arrive.
If it’s a restaurant, plan to ask for a corner table.
If possible, angle your body away from the other tables. I’ve even used my menu as a screen while latching baby on, and no one’s the wiser once I lay the menu down.
If it’s a large department store, do you know where the dressing rooms are?
Some shopping malls and larger stores may have a small lounge (connected to the bathroom) with a chair or a couch, so it would make more sense to take advantage of that, especially if you have older children with you.
If it’s the zoo, plan on using your sling and taking advantage of the benches you’re sure to find around the park.
Recently, the kids and I headed to the zoo on a gorgeous spring day. I brought a stroller. But I also brought my sling, which I think of as a “best kept secret” when it comes to breastfeeding in public.
It was so easy to nurse there! Whenever Ella was ready, all I did was take her out of the stroller and put her in the sling. Most times, she was already cuddled in the sling and all I had to do was adjust her position before opening one side of my nursing shirt and latching her on.
Sometimes, there was a park bench nearby where I sat while the older kids investigated nearby animals. Usually, though, we just kept walking around while Ella nursed away in her own little private area (my sling).
Honestly, I’m continually amazed at the number of moms who come up to me when I’m out and want to know where to get a sling. I tell them you can easily order a baby sling off the internet. Just make sure you get the right size-you want to be able to cinch it tight enough to keep your baby secure against your own body.
Consider your car, which is another one of my favorite “private areas.”
If it’s not too warm or cold out, my van can be a quiet, familiar place for both my baby and I to settle down for a nursing.
Note. . .I’ve found that breastfeeding just before we get out and head in somewhere does the trick to fill up baby for awhile. Plus, if you put your baby in a sling before starting to nurse, he may end up taking a nap, making your outing even easier!
Wherever you are, beware of the common suggestion to head to the bathroom when your baby is hungry.
Would you want to eat your own lunch there? Adults and bottle-fed babies aren’t pointed toward the toilet and the same should hold true for your breastfed baby.
Also, if you have older children along, spending time feeding a baby in a toilet facility with a bored two-year old is not going to make for very pleasant memories.
Overall, the key is to plan ahead.
There are numerous little tricks for nursing discreetly in public. One is to pay attention to your baby’s hunger cues before he gets too frantic (and loud). Once you latch him on and he’s calmed down, most people won’t give you a second glance.
One final word on this. . .Many moms just find a place that is “private enough” to breastfeed rather than searching for absolute privacy. We have a nursing mothers’ room at our state fair, but if I’m halfway across the fair grounds when Ella needs to nurse, I will make do with any area that is “private enough.”
You may think there’s no way you can do this. But if your baby is obviously in need, you may find that your priorities will change over time.
You CAN do it!
About the Author
Linda Thom is the mother of four children whom she discreetly nursed just about anywhere! If you need help on confidently breastfeeding in public, visit her at http://www.EasyBabySlings.com.
How to Breastfeed : How to Hide the Baby with a T-Shirt When Breast Feeding
Lansinoh® Disposable Nursing Pads allow mothers to keep their active lifestyles after giving birth — without having to worry about embarrassing and uncomfortable milk leakage….
Our 100% cotton women’s tee is preshrunk, durable and guaranteed.5.6 oz. 100% cotton Standard fit Nursing Tee, TShirt, Shirt. About our Women’s Light T-Shirt: Our 100% cotton women’s tee is preshrunk, durable and guaranteed.5.6 oz. 100% cotton. Standard fit…..
In response to another question about why nursing moms refuse to pump and bring bottles when going out – I’m wondering what it is about breastfeeding that makes some people so uncomfortable. I get that public nudity isn’t proper, but I’ve never seen a woman nursing with her entire top off or her breast fully exposed. I don’t understand the resistance to it. Looking for insight, please.
someone kiss Ethel for me!!
That was the perfect answer.
now, the question is… how can we implant that line of thought into the brains of all “tween” girls right now so that when it’s their turn, formula will only be used by fathers when the mother has died, or when a woman has had a double mastectomy, has to undergo chemotherapy, or is HIV positive (or any other similar grave medical condition).
I have a friend who honestly feels that “breastfeeding is not your choice, but your baby’s birth right. Formula should be available by prescription ONLY.” – that’s directly from her myspace page…. I’m not quite that militant, but I do agree with her thinking!
Bringing Baby Home is the ultimate how-to baby care DVD. Featuring over 100 topics, the DVD combines expert advice, step-by-step demonstrations and lots of mom-tested tips. Winner of a prestigious 2005 Parents’ Choice Approved Award, the DVD deals with four themes: the basics, feeding, hygiene and sleep and coping. Like a prenatal class on DVD. Great fo…
‘Laugh and Learn About Childbirth – Lamaze and Beyond’ is the first video in a series of educational classes, and the only comprehensive childbirth course on the market. This DVD covers all aspects of labor and delivery, including pain relieving options, as well as the entire Lamaze training – including breathing techniques and natural childbirth. Like the other two video classes in …
The barrier methods of birth control work by preventing the sperm from reaching the egg. The idea of inserting something into the vagina to prevent pregnancy is not new. Such devices were called pessaries and they were used by the ancient Egyptians.
Pessaries were mentioned as early as 1850 B.C. in the Petri Papyrus. The formula then was a mixture of crocodile dung and honey which was placed in the vagina prior to intercourse.
“Interestingly, this mixture not only acted as a barrier to sperm, but had some broad spermicidal effects. If a convenient crocodile wasn’t available, elephant dung could be used,” said Dr. Niels Lauersen, a diplomate of the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Steven Whitney in “It’s Your Body: A Woman’s Guide to Gynecology.”
Various formulas of pessaries were used throughout the world. Elephant dung and honey was the preferred combination in India and Africa. In Persia during the 10th century, pessaries were made of mixed rock salt and an oily material.
The most popular pessary, however, was invented by Walter Rendell, a London chemist who lived in the late 1800s. Seeing how many people suffered from the burden of having too many children, Rendell developed a pessary containing quinine which he distributed freely to customers at his pharmacy.
“The results of this new pessary exceeded his expectations. Requests were logged so rapidly that the pessary was marketed commercially in 1886. By the turn of the century, the product was a best seller throughout the world. In fact, until the 20th century, quinine was the only recognized spermicide which could be used with complete safety,” Lauersen and Whitney added.
With the popularity of pessaries, new formulas were developed using less irritating substances. Today’s barrier methods of contraception include the diaphragm, vaginal sponge, condom and cervical cap. These are often used together with chemical barriers such as creams, jellies, foams and suppositories. Let’s examine them one by one.
DIAPHRAGM AND CERVICAL CAP
The diaphragm is a molded rubber cap which blocks sperm as it covers the cervix and the back of the vagina. It must be inserted for each act of intercourse and left on for six to eight hours afterward.
A smaller version of the diaphragm is the cervical cap which covers only the cervix but works the same way. Unlike the diaphragm, however, this device must be fitted by a physician. Women may find it difficult to do the same because the cap must be inserted deep within the vagina.
The first real diaphragm was created by Aetius of Amida in the 6th century using the fruit of the pomegranate tree. After removing the seeds and pulp of that fruit, Aetius told women to insert the hollow end into the vagina before intercourse.
In 1883, Dr. Frederick Wilde, a German physician, described how a rubber cap could block sperm, but it was Dr. Wilhelm Mensinga, another German, who popularized the method. (Next: Disadvantages of diaphragms.)
To enjoy sex in your later years, keep fit, eat right and love life. That simple advice can go a long way in preserving your sex life. For extra help, take Fematril, a safe and natural female sexual enhancer that can stimulate your mind and body. For details, go to http://www.fematril.com/.
About the Author
Sharon Bell is an avid health and fitness enthusiast and published author. Many of her insightful articles can be found at the premier online news magazine http://www.HealthLinesNews.com.
The only baby-log that lights up at night! The Skip Hop Day to Night Baby Log was designed with the new parent in mind. With sections to record daily feedings, changing times and sleeping schedules, this six-month book helps new parents keep track of baby`s busy schedule. Skip Hops patent pending illuminated Time Capsule is perfect for those diaper changes and feedings in the middle of the night…
AN ABSOLUTE MUST-HAVE FOR NEW PARENTS. Created by a mom to help even the most sleep deprived parents monitor baby’s progress by recording baby’s daily activity in this easy to use log book.Log in feedings (breast & bottle), diaper changes, sleep patterns, immunizations and more all to help track baby’s development and keep the baby on a schedule. Great for pediatrician visits. And perfect for work…
I am, according to BMI, just on the border between overweight and normal. I gave birth 5 months ago so I’m okay with it for now. However, I wanted to attempt to make myself a skirt and bought a pattern. This pattern is putting me in the plus sizes at size 22 or 24. I’ve never needed to shop in plus sizes…I wear Medium shirts (thank you, breastfeeding) and size 8-10 pants. I’m not even on the chart. It’s not a Junior’s pattern. I’m measuring my waist at 36″ and my hips at 40″. I even looked online to make sure I was measuring myself right, and it looks like I am. Am I really in “plus” sizes? Am I doing something wrong? Or is 36″ waist really that huge?
Buy hip-fitting skirt and pants patterns by hip size, not waist — so you need a size 16 misses pattern (don’t worry, pattern sizes are always larger than ready to wear sizes). You’ll “buy” the extra 6″ needed at the waist by straightening the side seam from waist to hip and making the front darts (most likely) smaller, or possibly even eliminating them.
If your skirt pattern is for a skirt that’s designed to be loose at the hip (e.g., gored or dirndl), then you can just use the pattern sized for the waist and deal with the extra fabric in the hip.
Make sure your tape measure is over the appropriate undergarments and parallel to the floor, not tilted up or down, which folks do rather commonly when trying to measure yourself.
You may find you now have a tilted waistline — tie a string around your middle and settle it where you want your waistband to sit. If the CF to floor measurement is now shorter than CB to floor, you’ve got a tilted waistband, and your skirt will tend to swing towards the back at the sideseam. The correct alteration will be to keep the grainline straight at the hip and remove part of the top of the skirt pattern.
If this doesn’t make sense, drop me a note and I’ll explain with some diagrams.
The Simple Wishes Hands Free Pumping Bustier Bra provides hands-free convenience to nursing mothers while they pump, leaving them free to do other tasks. This comfortable and stylish soft pink bra features an adjustable band for a custom fit throughout your nursing period. The L/XL/XXL size fits a wide range of bra sizes from 44AA to 36J.Helps New Moms Multitask While PumpingBreastfeeding mothers …
Where can I find plus-sized breastfeeding/nursing clothing?
I need some good nursing clothing, but I’m about one size bigger than most of the things I can find. I’m about a 22/24 or xxxl, even though sometimes a xxl fits okay too. Are there any good resources for plus-sized breastfeeding moms? Online maybe?
I’ve been in many stores, and no one in my area carries plus size nursing tops. I’ve been able to buy all of mine from two sources. The best is:
http://www.motherwear.com/
Beautiful clothing, mostly nursing and most are available in plus sizes.
I’ve also purchased used on eBay with fairly good luck, but the prices aren’t much less that new; because so many of use are looking for the same thing there are too many bidders! The good news is that you’ll have no trouble selling it all when you’re done nursing & getting most of your money back. Best of luck & congrats on breastfeeding!
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Pampers Baby Fresh Wipes clean gently with a baby fresh scent. These wipes are gentle enough for hands and face. Contains no ethanol or rubbing alcohol….
What would be a beautiful, fashion forward dress to wear as a guest to a wedding?
I am going to a wedding next week for an old friend of the family. I have recently lost a bunch of weight and want to show up looking fantastic and very stylish since a lot of old friends will be there that have not seen me in a while. I am 31, 5′ 3″ and weigh about 130. I have a smaller chest (34 B) and larger hips (WHEN WILL PEAR SHAPED BE IN STYLE?!? LOL) I tend to be between a size 4 and size 6. I have great shoulders and bad thighs. I don’t mind wearing strapless but can’t do backless since I have to be able to wear a bra (after breastfeeding 3 kids the ladies are not where they used to be) I don’t mind showing the legs but must be able to bend down to my kids without showing too much I would love some links to dresses that are the current style but still appropriate for my age and I am trying to stay in the $100 or less range. Thanks so much in advance for your help!!
You should look at the sale dresses at Banana Republic. You’ll find something flattering, kid friendly, that you can wear again and in your price range.
Pick something knee length (great for bending). Keep the dress simple in a nice color and buy some nice (cheap) bracelets and earrings.
This beautiful nursing sundress is great for warm weather and special occasions. Black background with pink flowers is all the rage. Comfortable enough for everyday wear, yet suitable for dressing up….
I had the best intentions that it planned to breastfeed my son for a year.
Course We all know the one the road to hell is paved with good intentions above.
When I became pregnant and asked my doctor about taking the bottle in question front, all I heard was: "Breastfeeding is the only way" and "Breastfeeding will make your child a rocket scientist" and "the formula is for lazy mothers who do not mind her Baby.
Wow – this is not exactly fair, right? Breastfeeding is a wonderful way, natural food, beautiful and links with your child. It was my first choice and I wish he had developed. However, it does not work for everyone. Do not say you're lazy or negligent There are several reasons that might need to invest in some Enfamil:
* Some women simply do not get your milk supply (what happened to me, so I can attest)
• Some babies never learn to lock (often a problem for premature babies)
• Some women have medical conditions that require shipments of drugs in breast milk, so it is not safe for baby
• Some women need the convenience of the formula based on the work / care needs
• The Breastfeeding can be very stressful, not everyone is prepared to deal with this stress
Whatever the reason to choose a bottle, it is important to overcome the guilt that often accompanies this decision. His Friends and family can be a contribution useful, excellent advice, but I can not say what is good for you and your child. Every woman is different, every baby is different, every pregnancy, childbirth – you must know your own situation and weigh all relevant factors before making the choice how to feed your baby.
I was forced into the bottle for several reasons, my milk dried up due to blood pressure problems, my son was a premature baby who has never learned to suck, and the stress of pumping (When my offer was anyway) was too stressful for me as my problems with hypertension. I had to learn the hard way how to overcome guilt, and here are the suggestions that helped me:
· Formula is perfectly fine today, which contains all the nutrients the baby needs.
• If you do not take care of your body, how can you care for your baby?
• You do your best, you can: time to pump my body, so my son has received five weeks of breast milk, including antibodies needed for your immune system – better than nothing!
· Love and education is most important for your baby.
· Your baby does not hate you per bottle.
ΠIt is easier to bottle-feed while traveling or in public.
• You can link around one bottle was more than a bra or shirt, and holding your baby against your skin.
If these sound like excuses to you, then you've never been in this situation. However, you feed your baby, caress your love more than anything. If you are able to breastfeed, it's fantastic – I'm happy for you and I envy you! If not, are not less than a mother who is limited to the various tools.
TJ Lord is a wife, mother, and member of Christian ministry; she is a freelance writer who specializes in sexuality and sexual health, marriage/relationships, babies and parenting, and fashion.
American Red Cross Soothing Baby ScaleThe American Red Cross and The First Years have joined together to offer a collection of infant and toddler wellness and safety products that parents can trust. Great to track baby’s growth. This scale includes a large digital readout, which can be set to pounds, ounces or kilograms, memory recall of last weight measurement, and an optional setting to auto-det…
Brand New First Quality Prestige Medical Nurse Watch. Easy to read numbers with military time. All Chrome watch with extra wide bezel. Features include: Quartz movement, step second hand, water resistant case, 24 hour dial, and Chrome bracelet band. Face measures slightly over an inch. Overall length measures 7.5 inches. Makes a great gift for the Nursing professional!…
Brand New!! First Quality, Prestige Medical Nurse Watch. Easy to read numbers with military time. Stylish White Leather band. Jewel-rimmed face for the Nurse with Style! Features include: Quartz movement, step second hand, water resistant case, 24 hour dial. Face measures approximately 1.25″ in Diameter. Makes a great gift for you or the Nursing professional!…
7 Celebrity Maternity Secrets by Sweet Lilly Maternity
Fashionistas around the globe are becoming fixated on celebrity maternity style and who wouldn’t blame them? “I bet she looks fat in that!” (snigger snigger) is whats on everybody’s mind, but time after time, celebrity A Listers appear in public looking fan-bloody-tastic ….how come, and how can we get the same look?
Secret Number 1
Its all in the maternity style! You gotta invest in some hot maternity clothing that is edgy, colourful with up to the minute style. Its ok buying a size up in regular clothing, but as your shape changes, so does the ability to look hot in regular clothes. So this is our very obvious secret: source out hot maternity wear! You know, these days, maternity wear is styled on what’s fashionable at the present time and gone are the days of flowing pinafores, tents and bibs n’ braces.
Secret Number 2
Don’t be afraid to layer it all up! In other words, go boho! Don’t be afraid to put stripes with floral or lace with hot colours, layer over layer. This works really well in the cooler months but remember to keep it simple. Don’t overdo it! Experiment and have fun.
Secret Number 3
Go the extra mile for really important events. So many beautiful maternity gowns, maxi dresses and minis are around at the moment in gorgeous prints and colours. Remember that your pregnancy should be a time to remember and you wanna remember yourself looking and feeling gorgeous and radiant. Baby showers, birthdays, office parties, hot dinner dates and family get-togethers – treat yourself to a few pieces of girly dresses and bask in the adoring looks that you are sure to receive!
Secret Number 4
Enhance the Glow! There’s gotta be some benefits to being pregnant, right? Make the most of that gorgeous shiny hair and strong nails and take time out for manicures (even if you have to do it yourself!) and trips to the hairdressers. You shouldn’t need much make up as the new you will be glowing with radiance!
Secret Number 5
Key maternity pieces such as wrap skirts & maternity dresses, maternity tops and maternity skirts with shirred panels and fabrics in soft jersey and lycra will ensure you look amazing without the bulk! Gone are the days when jersey was considered drab, boring and cheap! Nowadays, it made from super soft materials which not only drape fabulously but actually make you look slimmer, just enhancing the bump. Lycra used to only be used for swimwear or dancewear, but now it is available in gorgeous colours with lots of stretch-a-bility to create amazing styles that accentuates the bumps, curves and growing boobs.
Secret Number 6
Lets talk sexy maternity lingerie! Gone are the days of the shoulder boulder nursing and maternity bras, now we have some seriously sexy lingerie that brings a smile to everybody’s face. It simple: if you feel good, then you look good – its shows in your confidence and the way that you walk and talk.
Secret Number 7
Don’t hide your body! This is probably the most important rule of all and its very true. If you hide it, then you’re probably gonna end up looking bigger. Use belts positioned above the bump (on your torso’s smallest area) to ‘bring in’ wide smock flowing maternity tops and don’t be afraid of figure hugging fabrics layered to create a very sexy and feminine look.
The most important rule of all is to be kind to yourself. Take this time to relax, nourish your soul and create perfect harmony for your growing baby.
Sweet Lilly Maternity is Australia’s premier home shopping website for funky, colourful and extremely edgy maternity wear for the fashion conscious mummy to be. We pride ourselves on keeping ahead of the rest by continually sourcing the worlds’s best maternity styles that resemble runway fashion. All of our clothes are roadtested by mummies to be for practical wearing, glamour appeal, stretch-a-bilty and the feel good factor. We import most of our labels and have a fabulous collection of maternity jeans, maternity tops, maternity evening wear, sexy maternity lingerie and much much more. Our products are constantly featured in Australian Maternity Press and we have a delightful collection of newborn baby wear and designer baby shower gifts.
http://www.sweetlillymaternity.com.au
About the Author
Sweet Lilly Maternity is home to Australia’s hottest collection of fun, fabulous, edgy maternity and newborn baby wear. If you are a Pregnant Web Queen, then this is your place for up to the minute runway maternity fashion and breastfeeding clothes.
Lansinoh® Disposable Nursing Pads allow mothers to keep their active lifestyles after giving birth — without having to worry about embarrassing and uncomfortable milk leakage….
These soft, cotton nursing pads prevent staining while adding comfort for breastfeeding mothers. They are machine washable and dryable and includes laundry bag….
Individually wrapped pads prevent leakage and keep the breast dry and comfortable with unique moisture absorbing materials. Contoured pleats ensure a discreet, feminine shape under clothing. Self-adhesive tape keeps bra pad in place….
What are the most absorbant breast pads that you know of? Can you get super-dooper overnight ones? I haven’t seen any.
I’m getting really sick of having to change my nightie and bra through the night – I know it will settle eventually, but I would rather not express through the night as it won’t settle that way?
In the UK by the way.
I have the Johnstones ones – they’re certainly the best I have tried. Still not enough!
I also use the washables through the day, but they will most definitely not cut it at night…
Gillian – Good idea, thanks. I have bambino mio and cotton bottoms, and I have plenty to spare! I’ll try that.
I used washables and they were fine but if your leaking loads you could try using an old towel that you no longer use and making your own. Or an old washable nappy, I did this for night when i was leaking a lot. If you have any of the bambino mio/ tommee tippe style nappies just cut a square out.
Lansinoh® Disposable Nursing Pads allow mothers to keep their active lifestyles after giving birth — without having to worry about embarrassing and uncomfortable milk leakage….
Bamboobies Variety Pack = 3 pairs of regular Bamboobies + 3 pairs of overnights!
Regular Bamboobies are ultra-thin with a milk-proof backing so they are perfect for going back to work or going out for a night on the town when you don’t want your nursing pads to show. They are ideal for light leaking or once your supply has been regulated.
Regular Bamboobies are lined with organic bamboo velour…
Women’s DUAL EXERCISER PUMP – Easy to use, Cups with suction Pump bulb and release valve. The Cups are designed with an Airtight Rim which will help create the Vacuum seal. The Cup is made out of High Quality Plastic with the Squeeze style bulb. – Always use care and caution when using a vacuum pump, always confer with and get advice from your Doctor. We have other Pumps and Enhancers available h…
Lansinoh® Disposable Nursing Pads allow mothers to keep their active lifestyles after giving birth — without having to worry about embarrassing and uncomfortable milk leakage….
Made of luxurious, soft Cotton with just enough Lycra to give it a bit of stretch. Nursing is a snap with clips easily done and undone, one-handed and a built in shelf bra with very generous nursing openings.
The Lite Nursing TankTM is a longer style tank top, providing full postpartum tummy coverage, and fantastic for those of us with long torsos! It’s on average four inches longer than regular …
This functional top turns any shirt into a breastfeeding friendly shirt. The same as our best-selling tissue undershirt, but now with a lower neckline….
This is an undershirt designed to be worn with a nursing bra and any shirt, blouse or dress that can be lifted up or down for breastfeeding. This tank has a pear shaped opening for each breast. The openings are the perfect size and shape for your baby to gain access for nursing and for you to open and close your nursing bra. When you lift or shift your outer shirt to nurse, your tummy is fully cov…
This great invention functions as an undershirt by simply attaching it to the outer flaps of any top-opening nursing bra. You will feel like you are wearing a regular cami undershirt, but when you need to nurse you just have to undo the flap on your bra. No extra flaps or hooks to deal with each time. It’s great for layering because of its generous length….
First period after birth (breastfeeding, ‘baby’ is 16 months..)?
Well, AF has returned after her over 2 year disappearance
I recently stopped pumping at work and that has made her return. It is crazy heavy – did this happen to you too – next period was it not so heavy?
((TMI warning))
The first day it was not so bad but the second night I completely soaked through a heavy tampon in 40 minutes and stained my underwear/pajamas. It is not the normal clot-like period but really bright red – is this normal?
I breastfeed and nurse and got mine right away. It will be heavy at first but if you are concerned asked the gyno
Hot Mama Gowns – Breastfeeding Panels Demonstration (2)
*As seen on ABC’s Shark Tank*
Hot Mama Gowns are designed for style, comfort and function! Made of 100% Organic cotton and PROUDLY manufactured in the United States of imported organic fabric; Hot Mama Gowns allow EVERY Mom-to-be to feel comfortable and confident on her delivery day and beyond.
The ONLY hospital maternity gown specifically designed for breastfeeding; Hot Mama Gowns have two bre…
The KidKraft nursing stool is adjustable to three positions so that mom can always get comfortable. With its classic and easy-to-use design, this nursing stool makes a great baby shower gift for the mom who has everything. Features: Anti-slip pads on the base Lead-free and non-toxic finish Easy assembly Measures 11″ x 14.5″ x 8″…
Ultimately the softest and most comfortable sleep or lounge set you could hope to find – you won’t want to take it off! We chose a high quality fabric and a cut we knew you would love! Mix and match it up – no one will realize you didn’t take off your PJ’s. Pull on those jeans, the nursing top will look fabulous. With push back panels for super easy breastfeeding – no more fiddling around clips an…
* Conforms to the natural size and shape of your body. *Multi-positional so you get a perfect night’s sleep * Provides the back and tummy support you need during pregnancy * Elevates baby to the proper height for breast feeding. * Cushions infants in all-around comfort. *Removable, washable cover…
dreamgenii Maternity Support and Feeding Pillow, now available for the first time in the USA!
The award winning and best selling maternity pillow from the United Kingdom.
dreamgenii pillow was born out of Vanessa Blake’s need for a good night’s sleep while pregnant with her first child Lucas. After trying every pregnancy pillow on the market and …
What size nursing bra to get? I have no idea…………..?
Before I got pregnant I was a 34b,and it was almost a perfect fit. But now that size is just a little snug. So yesterday I got a 34c. That should be good, right?
I cannot remember what size I wore when I was breastfeeding my 1st son. All I remember I was surprised my boobs were huge.
So how do I figure that out?
Thanks
I am 36 weeks and 2 days
but thanks
honestly you really dont know how huge they will get until all the milk comes in.. i was completly not ready for what happened i was started out as a 34 b but when that milk came in i was a complete d cup. i would keep the one you have and wait until after you have your lilttle on to see what happens. Good luck and have a good delivery & happy holidays!
These soft, cotton nursing pads prevent staining while adding comfort for breastfeeding mothers. They are machine washable and dryable and includes laundry bag….
LilyPadz® are a patented, innovative nursing pad made of a skin-like layer of silicone. The unique design of LilyPadz® maintains pressure on the nipple while in place and forms a non-absorbent barrier that actually PREVENTS breast milk leakage. No more inconvenient pad exchanges, and both you and your clothes stay dry!…
Lansinoh HPA Lanolin, the leading product in its category, soothes, heals and protects sore cracked nipples. It is the only topical nipple cream endorsed in the US by La Leche League International*, considered the foremost experts on breastfeeding….
Breastfeeding moms, where do you buy your nursing tops?
I would prefer a store, not online, because I would like to have them before going on vacation in a few days.
And more modern nice tops, not frumpy looking ones like I saw at motherhood maternity the other day.
Ebay, mostly. I agree- Motherhood nursing clothes must be subsidized by the formula companies, because they are generally hideous. I get mostly Motherwear and Expressiva, but they’re primarily online merchants.
I have several nursing tanks I bought at Target that layer well. Old Navy has some nursing clothes at their stores that carry maternity, but in my experience they’re not well made and don’t work terribly well as nursing clothes. You might call around to any specialty maternity or baby stores in your area and ask what they carry.
Lansinoh Breastmilk Storage Bags – 25 ct – 3 PkLansinoh Breastmilk Storage Bags are for those times when you can’t be with your baby. Specially designed with a convenient pour spout for transferring milk into a bottle, these bags can be stored flat in the freezer, taking up less space and making them easier to thaw. Double zipper closure Write-On-Tab outside fill area eliminates…
Lansinoh® Disposable Nursing Pads allow mothers to keep their active lifestyles after giving birth — without having to worry about embarrassing and uncomfortable milk leakage….
These soft, cotton nursing pads prevent staining while adding comfort for breastfeeding mothers. They are machine washable and dryable and includes laundry bag….
Babies need vitamin D for healthy growth and development. Baby Ddrops is a convenient way to ensure your child receives the healthy benefits of vitamin D….
7.9 x 6.9 in. 70 +10 cloth wipes. Gentle cleansing. Protective conditioning. Hypo-allergenic. Easy to use pop-up dispenser pack. Alcohol-free. Breastfed babies have different needs. Clean & Condition Cloths were developed with the specific needs of breastfed babies in mind. Feel the Lansinoh difference: Conditions skin to prevent dryness and chaffing; provides a protective barrier between diaper c…
The Comfort Nursing Bra by Medela is the perfect “take to hospital” bra that will be comfortable throughout your breastfeeding experience. Moderate support for day or night. Drop-cup nursing bra and no-tag design offers moderate support and optimal comfort. Soft, silky microfiber blend gently hugs the body and conforms to fluctuating breast size. Racerback design keeps straps in place. Can be u…
The Shower Hug brings therapeutic relief that is long lasting, by providing support and relief when and where it is needed most. Used by pregnant and nursing moms all over to provide much needed relief to sore nipples and prevent them from being irritated by soap and direct water streams. Also used as a nursing and sleep bra. Not only is it a miracle find for breastfeeding mothers, it is also of g…
Ultimately the softest and most comfortable sleep or lounge set you could hope to find – you won’t want to take it off! We chose a high quality fabric and a cut we knew you would love! Mix and match it up – no one will realize you didn’t take off your PJ’s. Pull on those jeans, the nursing top will look fabulous. With push back panels for super easy breastfeeding – no more fiddling around clips an…
